60 articles

Creatine Research Library: 67 Studies Reviewed

Creatine research library - 67 study summaries spanning 30 years. Key findings and practical takeaways.

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A Comprehensive Creatine Research Library

Creatine monohydrate is one of the most extensively studied dietary supplements in existence, with a research history spanning over three decades. Hundreds of peer-reviewed studies have examined its effects on muscle performance, brain function, aging, and metabolic health. Yet navigating this body of evidence can be overwhelming — papers are scattered across journals, written in dense academic language, and often hidden behind paywalls. Our research library solves this problem by collecting, summarizing, and organizing the most important creatine studies into a single accessible resource.

Each study summary in this library highlights the research question, methodology, key findings, and practical takeaways in plain English. We cover landmark studies that shaped current supplementation guidelines as well as recent investigations pushing the boundaries of what we know about creatine's benefits beyond the gym.

From Landmark Trials to Emerging Evidence

This collection includes foundational research on creatine and muscle performance, pivotal studies on cognitive enhancement, clinical trials involving older adults and special populations, and emerging work on creatine's role in neuroprotection and metabolic health. We also feature studies particularly relevant to Malaysian and Southeast Asian populations, where dietary creatine intake patterns and supplementation habits may differ from Western norms.

Whether you are a student, coach, healthcare professional, or simply a curious consumer who wants evidence rather than marketing claims, this research library provides the scientific foundation for making informed decisions about creatine supplementation. Every summary links back to the original published study so you can verify the evidence yourself.

Reviews & Position Stands

ISSN position stands, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses that summarise the literature

Creatine Research Overview: What 30+ Years of Science Shows

Comprehensive overview of creatine research spanning 30+ years. Key findings on muscle performance, brain health, safety, and clinical applications.

12 min read

Buford et al. 2007: ISSN Position Stand on Creatine Supplementation and Exercise

Review of the 2007 ISSN position stand by Buford et al. on creatine and exercise. Key safety conclusions and dosing guidelines. Here's what the research found.

9 min read

Powers et al. 2003: Creatine as a Dietary Supplement — Study Summary

Summary of Powers et al. (2003) thorough creatine review. An early major review covering efficacy, safety, and mechanisms.

4 min read

Roschel et al. 2021: Creatine's Clinical Applications Beyond Sport

Review of Roschel et al. 2021 exploring creatine's clinical uses beyond athletics. Evidence for brain health, aging, metabolic disease, and rehabilitation.

8 min read

Kreider et al. 2017: The ISSN Position Stand on Creatine Safety & Efficacy

Complete summary of the ISSN Position Stand on creatine (Kreider et al. 2017). Key conclusions, evidence tiers, safety confirmation & recommendations.

10 min read

Brain & Cognition Research

Studies on creatine for memory, mood, depression, and neurodegenerative disease

Allen 2012: Creatine Metabolism and Brain Function in Vegetarians

Review of Allen 2012 on creatine metabolism and cognitive effects in vegetarians. Why plant-based dieters have lower brain creatine and benefit most.

7 min read

Avgerinos et al. 2018: Systematic Review of Creatine's Effects on Cognitive Function

Deep dive into Avgerinos 2018 meta-analysis of creatine and cognition. Memory, reasoning benefits, stressed populations, and implications for brain health.

9 min read

Bender et al. 2008: Long-Term Creatine Supplementation in Parkinson's Disease

Review of Bender et al. 2005 showing 2-year creatine supplementation is safe in Parkinson's patients. No adverse renal or hepatic effects observed.

7 min read

Dolan et al. 2019: Beyond Muscle — Creatine's Effects on Brain Creatine, Cognition, and TBI

Review of Dolan 2019 on creatine beyond muscle. Brain creatine content, cognitive processing, and TBI neuroprotection. The data may surprise you.

9 min read

Forbes et al. 2023: Creatine and Brain Function Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis of creatine's effects on cognitive function across multiple studies and populations. The data may surprise you.

4 min read

Hersch et al. 2006: Creatine in Huntington's Disease — Phase II Clinical Trial

Review of Hersch et al. 2006 phase II trial of creatine in Huntington's disease. Safety and tolerability of 8 g/day creatine confirmed over 16 weeks.

7 min read
Show all 16 articles

Kious et al. 2019: Creatine Augmentation for Depression

Review of evidence for creatine as an adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder and bipolar depression. The data may surprise you.

4 min read

Roschel et al. 2021: thorough review of Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health

Review of Roschel 2021 on creatine and brain health. Cognitive function, neuroprotection, mental health, creatine deficiency syndromes, and clinical potential.

9 min read

Sakellaris et al. 2006: Creatine in Children with TBI — Study Summary

Summary of Sakellaris et al. (2006) on creatine for children with traumatic brain injury. Creatine improved recovery outcomes. Here's what the research found.

4 min read

Sandkühler et al. 2023: Creatine and Cognition in Vegetarians — Study Summary

Summary of Sandkuhler et al. (2023) on creatine and vegetarian cognition. Creatine improved working memory and processing speed. The data may surprise you.

4 min read

Toniolo et al. 2017: Creatine for Bipolar Depression

RCT showing creatine augmentation improved depression scores in bipolar II disorder patients on medication. See the evidence.

4 min read

Turner et al. 2015: Creatine Augmentation for Depression in Women — Study Summary

Summary of Turner et al. (2015) on creatine for depression in women. Creatine augmented antidepressant response in female patients. See the evidence.

4 min read

McMorris et al. 2006: Creatine Protects Cognition During Sleep Deprivation — Study Summary

Summary of McMorris et al. (2006) on creatine and sleep deprivation. Creatine mitigated cognitive decline after 24 hours without sleep. See the evidence.

4 min read

Rae et al. 2003: Creatine Improves Brain Performance in Vegetarians — Study Summary

Summary of Rae et al. (2003) on creatine and cognitive function. 5g/day for 6 weeks improved memory and reasoning by 20%. Here's what the research found.

4 min read

Rawson & Venezia 2011: Creatine, Aging, and Cognitive Function — Study Summary

Summary of Rawson & Venezia (2011) on creatine use in elderly and cognitive effects. Brain creatine declines with age. Here's what the research found.

4 min read

Sullivan et al. 2000: Creatine Protects Against Traumatic Brain Injury — Study Summary

Summary of Sullivan et al. (2000) on creatine and TBI neuroprotection. Pre-treatment reduced cortical damage by up to 50%. Here's what the research found.

4 min read

Safety Research

Long-term safety, kidney studies, hydration, hormonal effects, and drug interactions

Antonio & Ciccone 2013: Long-Term Creatine Safety

Study summary of Antonio & Ciccone 2013 on long-term creatine supplementation safety over 5 years. See the evidence.

4 min read

Dalbo et al. 2008: Creatine Safety Review — Putting Health Claims to Rest

Summary of Dalbo et al. (2008) full safety review concluding creatine monohydrate is safe for healthy individuals at recommended doses.

5 min read

Dolan et al. 2019: Beyond Muscle — A Systematic Review of Creatine's Non-Athletic Benefits

Review of Dolan et al. 2019 systematic review on creatine beyond muscle. Evidence for brain creatine, cognitive processing, and traumatic brain injury.

8 min read

Kreider et al. 2003: 21-Month Long-Term Creatine Safety Study

Review of Kreider et al. 2003 studying 21 months of creatine supplementation in athletes. Comprehensive safety data on 98 health markers confirmed safe.

7 min read

Lopez et al. 2009: Creatine and Hydration Status

Study showing creatine does not cause dehydration — actually improves total body water and hydration status. The data may surprise you.

4 min read

Van der Merwe et al. 2009: Creatine and DHT — The Hair Loss Study

Analysis of the single study linking creatine to DHT increase — the origin of the hair loss concern. Here's what the research found.

5 min read
Show all 9 articles

Volek et al. 1999: Creatine and Hormonal Responses to Resistance Exercise — Study Summary

Summary of Volek et al. (1999) on creatine, testosterone, and hormonal responses during 12 weeks of resistance training in trained men.

5 min read

Gualano et al. 2011: Creatine and Type 2 Diabetes — Study Summary

Summary of Gualano et al. (2011) on creatine in type 2 diabetes. Creatine plus exercise improved glycemic control and GLUT-4. The data may surprise you.

4 min read

Poortmans & Francaux 1999: Creatine Does Not Impair Kidney Function — Study Summary

Summary of Poortmans & Francaux (1999) on creatine kidney safety. Up to 5 years of use showed no adverse renal effects. Here's what the research found.

4 min read

Performance Research

Strength, body composition, loading protocols, and exercise performance trials

Branch 2003: Meta-Analysis of Creatine's Effect on Body Composition and Performance

Review of Branch 2003 meta-analysis examining 100 creatine studies on body composition and performance. Lean mass gains, effect sizes, and practical takeaways.

8 min read

Cook et al. 2011: Creatine Supplementation and Skill Execution Under Fatigue

Review of Cook et al. 2011 showing creatine helps maintain skill execution accuracy when fatigued. Implications for sport-specific performance.

7 min read

Hall et al. 2021: Creatine Dose-Response Relationship — Study Summary

Summary of Hall et al. (2021) on creatine dose-response. Examines optimal dosing strategies for muscle creatine saturation. See the evidence.

4 min read

Hoffman et al. 2006: Creatine and Football Performance — Study Summary

Summary of Hoffman et al. (2006) examining creatine's effects on sprint performance and body composition in college football players. See the evidence.

5 min read

Hultman et al. 1996: The Original Creatine Loading Protocol

creatine - the foundational study establishing the 20g/day loading protocol that remains the gold standard today.

4 min read

Lanhers et al. 2015: Creatine and Upper Body Strength Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis confirming creatine significantly improves upper body strength in resistance-trained individuals. See the evidence.

4 min read
Show all 10 articles

Lanhers et al. 2017: Creatine and Exercise Performance Meta-Analysis

Meta-analysis of creatine's effects on overall exercise performance including strength, power, and endurance. The data may surprise you.

4 min read

Rawson et al. 2018: Creatine Supplementation and Exercise Recovery — Study Summary

Summary of Rawson et al. (2018) on creatine and exercise recovery. Creatine may reduce muscle damage markers and speed post-exercise recovery. See the evidence.

4 min read

Syrotuik & Bell 2004: Creatine Responders vs Non-Responders

Study identifying characteristics that distinguish creatine responders from non-responders in muscle uptake. The data may surprise you.

4 min read

Harris et al. 1992: The key Creatine Loading Study That Started It All

Deep dive into Harris et al. 1992 — the first study to show creatine supplementation increases muscle creatine by 20%. Study design, findings & implications.

8 min read

Aging & Special Populations

Older adults, sarcopenia, bone density, women, and vegetarian/vegan studies

Bemben & Lamont 2005: Creatine, Bone, and Muscle in Older Adults — Study Summary

Summary of Bemben & Lamont (2005) reviewing creatine's effects on bone mineral density and muscle function in aging populations. Here's what the research found.

5 min read

Burke et al. 2003: Creatine and Vegetarian Athletes

Study examining creatine supplementation benefits in vegetarian vs omnivore athletes and exercise performance. See the evidence.

4 min read

Candow et al. 2019: Creatine for Healthy Aging Review

thorough review of creatine's benefits for aging: muscle preservation, bone health, and cognitive function. The data may surprise you.

5 min read

Chilibeck et al. 2017: Creatine and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women

Review of Chilibeck et al. 2017 RCT showing creatine plus resistance training attenuates bone loss in postmenopausal women over 12 months. See the evidence.

7 min read

Clarke et al. 2020: Female-Specific Creatine Supplementation Research

Review of Clarke et al. 2020 on creatine research in female athletes. Why women may respond differently and benefit uniquely from supplementation.

7 min read

Forbes et al. 2022: Creatine and Lean Body Mass in Older Adults — A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Forbes 2022 meta-analysis on creatine plus resistance training in older adults. 1.37 kg lean mass gain and sarcopenia prevention.

9 min read
Show all 10 articles

Gotshalk et al. 2002: Creatine Supplementation in Elderly Men — Study Summary

Summary of Gotshalk et al. (2002) showing creatine improved body mass, strength, and functional capacity in men aged 59-73 without exercise. See the evidence.

5 min read

Vandenberghe et al. 1997: Creatine Supplementation in Women — Study Summary

Summary of Vandenberghe et al. (1997) on creatine in sedentary women. Long-term creatine with training increased strength and lean mass.

5 min read

Candow et al. 2015: Creatine and Resistance Training in Older Adults — Study Summary

Summary of Candow et al. (2014) on creatine for sarcopenia. Creatine enhanced muscle mass and strength gains in older adults. The data may surprise you.

4 min read

Smith-Ryan et al. 2021: Creatine Supplementation in Women's Health — Study Summary

Summary of Smith-Ryan et al. (2021) on creatine in women. Benefits across pregnancy, menopause, mood, cognition, and bone health. The data may surprise you.

4 min read

Mechanisms & Pharmacology

Synthesis, transport, absorption, energy metabolism, and form-comparison studies

Brosnan & Brosnan 2007: The Inter-Organ Metabolism and Synthesis of Creatine

Review of Brosnan et al. 2007 on endogenous creatine synthesis. How kidneys, liver, and pancreas produce creatine and why dietary intake matters.

7 min read

Green et al. 1996: Carbohydrate Enhances Creatine Uptake

Study showing carbohydrate co-ingestion increases muscle creatine uptake via insulin-mediated transport. See the evidence.

4 min read

Jagim et al. 2012: Buffered Creatine vs Monohydrate — No Advantage Found

Review of Jagim et al. 2012 comparing buffered creatine (Kre-Alkalyn) to monohydrate. No difference in muscle creatine, performance, or side effects.

7 min read

Ostojic 2016: Guanidinoacetate as a Creatine Precursor — Study Summary

Summary of Ostojic (2016) on GAA as creatine precursor. Examines guanidinoacetate supplementation as an alternative creatine pathway.

4 min read

Ostojic 2021: Creatine and the Gut-Brain Axis — An Emerging Frontier

Review of Ostojic 2021 on creatine's role in the gut-brain axis. How gut microbiome, creatine metabolism, and neural function are interconnected.

7 min read

Persky & Brazeau 2001: Clinical Pharmacology of Creatine — Study Summary

Summary of Persky & Brazeau (2001) reviewing creatine's pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion pathways.

5 min read
Show all 10 articles

Tarnopolsky et al. 2000: Creatine in Neuromuscular Diseases — Study Summary

Summary of Tarnopolsky (2000) reviewing creatine's therapeutic potential in neuromuscular diseases including muscular dystrophy and mitochondrial disorders.

5 min read

Vandenberghe et al. 1996: Caffeine and Creatine Interaction Study

Summary of the single 1996 study suggesting caffeine counteracts creatine — never replicated in 25+ years. Here's what the research found.

4 min read

Wallimann et al. 2011: The Phosphocreatine System

thorough review of the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system and its role in cellular energy metabolism. Here's what the research found.

5 min read

Wyss & Kaddurah-Daouk 2000: Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism — Study Summary

Summary of Wyss & Kaddurah-Daouk (2000) thorough review of creatine synthesis, transport, and degradation pathways in health and disease.

5 min read
All Articles (60)

Browse All Articles

Creatine Research Overview: What 30+ Years of Science Shows
Comprehensive overview of creatine research spanning 30+ years. Key findings on muscle performance, brain health, safety, and clinical applications.
Reviews & Position Stands12 min read
Allen 2012: Creatine Metabolism and Brain Function in Vegetarians
Review of Allen 2012 on creatine metabolism and cognitive effects in vegetarians. Why plant-based dieters have lower brain creatine and benefit most.
Brain & Cognition Research7 min read
Antonio & Ciccone 2013: Long-Term Creatine Safety
Study summary of Antonio & Ciccone 2013 on long-term creatine supplementation safety over 5 years. See the evidence.
Safety Research4 min read
Avgerinos et al. 2018: Systematic Review of Creatine's Effects on Cognitive Function
Deep dive into Avgerinos 2018 meta-analysis of creatine and cognition. Memory, reasoning benefits, stressed populations, and implications for brain health.
Brain & Cognition Research9 min read
Bemben & Lamont 2005: Creatine, Bone, and Muscle in Older Adults — Study Summary
Summary of Bemben & Lamont (2005) reviewing creatine's effects on bone mineral density and muscle function in aging populations. Here's what the research found.
Aging & Special Populations5 min read
Bender et al. 2008: Long-Term Creatine Supplementation in Parkinson's Disease
Review of Bender et al. 2005 showing 2-year creatine supplementation is safe in Parkinson's patients. No adverse renal or hepatic effects observed.
Brain & Cognition Research7 min read
Branch 2003: Meta-Analysis of Creatine's Effect on Body Composition and Performance
Review of Branch 2003 meta-analysis examining 100 creatine studies on body composition and performance. Lean mass gains, effect sizes, and practical takeaways.
Performance Research8 min read
Brosnan & Brosnan 2007: The Inter-Organ Metabolism and Synthesis of Creatine
Review of Brosnan et al. 2007 on endogenous creatine synthesis. How kidneys, liver, and pancreas produce creatine and why dietary intake matters.
Mechanisms & Pharmacology7 min read
Buford et al. 2007: ISSN Position Stand on Creatine Supplementation and Exercise
Review of the 2007 ISSN position stand by Buford et al. on creatine and exercise. Key safety conclusions and dosing guidelines. Here's what the research found.
Reviews & Position Stands9 min read
Burke et al. 2003: Creatine and Vegetarian Athletes
Study examining creatine supplementation benefits in vegetarian vs omnivore athletes and exercise performance. See the evidence.
Aging & Special Populations4 min read
Candow et al. 2019: Creatine for Healthy Aging Review
thorough review of creatine's benefits for aging: muscle preservation, bone health, and cognitive function. The data may surprise you.
Aging & Special Populations5 min read
Chilibeck et al. 2017: Creatine and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women
Review of Chilibeck et al. 2017 RCT showing creatine plus resistance training attenuates bone loss in postmenopausal women over 12 months. See the evidence.
Aging & Special Populations7 min read
Clarke et al. 2020: Female-Specific Creatine Supplementation Research
Review of Clarke et al. 2020 on creatine research in female athletes. Why women may respond differently and benefit uniquely from supplementation.
Aging & Special Populations7 min read
Cook et al. 2011: Creatine Supplementation and Skill Execution Under Fatigue
Review of Cook et al. 2011 showing creatine helps maintain skill execution accuracy when fatigued. Implications for sport-specific performance.
Performance Research7 min read
Dalbo et al. 2008: Creatine Safety Review — Putting Health Claims to Rest
Summary of Dalbo et al. (2008) full safety review concluding creatine monohydrate is safe for healthy individuals at recommended doses.
Safety Research5 min read
Dolan et al. 2019: Beyond Muscle — Creatine's Effects on Brain Creatine, Cognition, and TBI
Review of Dolan 2019 on creatine beyond muscle. Brain creatine content, cognitive processing, and TBI neuroprotection. The data may surprise you.
Brain & Cognition Research9 min read
Dolan et al. 2019: Beyond Muscle — A Systematic Review of Creatine's Non-Athletic Benefits
Review of Dolan et al. 2019 systematic review on creatine beyond muscle. Evidence for brain creatine, cognitive processing, and traumatic brain injury.
Safety Research8 min read
Forbes et al. 2022: Creatine and Lean Body Mass in Older Adults — A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Forbes 2022 meta-analysis on creatine plus resistance training in older adults. 1.37 kg lean mass gain and sarcopenia prevention.
Aging & Special Populations9 min read
Forbes et al. 2023: Creatine and Brain Function Meta-Analysis
Meta-analysis of creatine's effects on cognitive function across multiple studies and populations. The data may surprise you.
Brain & Cognition Research4 min read
Gotshalk et al. 2002: Creatine Supplementation in Elderly Men — Study Summary
Summary of Gotshalk et al. (2002) showing creatine improved body mass, strength, and functional capacity in men aged 59-73 without exercise. See the evidence.
Aging & Special Populations5 min read
Green et al. 1996: Carbohydrate Enhances Creatine Uptake
Study showing carbohydrate co-ingestion increases muscle creatine uptake via insulin-mediated transport. See the evidence.
Mechanisms & Pharmacology4 min read
Hall et al. 2021: Creatine Dose-Response Relationship — Study Summary
Summary of Hall et al. (2021) on creatine dose-response. Examines optimal dosing strategies for muscle creatine saturation. See the evidence.
Performance Research4 min read
Hersch et al. 2006: Creatine in Huntington's Disease — Phase II Clinical Trial
Review of Hersch et al. 2006 phase II trial of creatine in Huntington's disease. Safety and tolerability of 8 g/day creatine confirmed over 16 weeks.
Brain & Cognition Research7 min read
Hoffman et al. 2006: Creatine and Football Performance — Study Summary
Summary of Hoffman et al. (2006) examining creatine's effects on sprint performance and body composition in college football players. See the evidence.
Performance Research5 min read
Hultman et al. 1996: The Original Creatine Loading Protocol
creatine - the foundational study establishing the 20g/day loading protocol that remains the gold standard today.
Performance Research4 min read
Jagim et al. 2012: Buffered Creatine vs Monohydrate — No Advantage Found
Review of Jagim et al. 2012 comparing buffered creatine (Kre-Alkalyn) to monohydrate. No difference in muscle creatine, performance, or side effects.
Mechanisms & Pharmacology7 min read
Kious et al. 2019: Creatine Augmentation for Depression
Review of evidence for creatine as an adjunct treatment for major depressive disorder and bipolar depression. The data may surprise you.
Brain & Cognition Research4 min read
Kreider et al. 2003: 21-Month Long-Term Creatine Safety Study
Review of Kreider et al. 2003 studying 21 months of creatine supplementation in athletes. Comprehensive safety data on 98 health markers confirmed safe.
Safety Research7 min read
Lanhers et al. 2015: Creatine and Upper Body Strength Meta-Analysis
Meta-analysis confirming creatine significantly improves upper body strength in resistance-trained individuals. See the evidence.
Performance Research4 min read
Lanhers et al. 2017: Creatine and Exercise Performance Meta-Analysis
Meta-analysis of creatine's effects on overall exercise performance including strength, power, and endurance. The data may surprise you.
Performance Research4 min read
Lopez et al. 2009: Creatine and Hydration Status
Study showing creatine does not cause dehydration — actually improves total body water and hydration status. The data may surprise you.
Safety Research4 min read
Ostojic 2016: Guanidinoacetate as a Creatine Precursor — Study Summary
Summary of Ostojic (2016) on GAA as creatine precursor. Examines guanidinoacetate supplementation as an alternative creatine pathway.
Mechanisms & Pharmacology4 min read
Ostojic 2021: Creatine and the Gut-Brain Axis — An Emerging Frontier
Review of Ostojic 2021 on creatine's role in the gut-brain axis. How gut microbiome, creatine metabolism, and neural function are interconnected.
Mechanisms & Pharmacology7 min read
Persky & Brazeau 2001: Clinical Pharmacology of Creatine — Study Summary
Summary of Persky & Brazeau (2001) reviewing creatine's pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion pathways.
Mechanisms & Pharmacology5 min read
Powers et al. 2003: Creatine as a Dietary Supplement — Study Summary
Summary of Powers et al. (2003) thorough creatine review. An early major review covering efficacy, safety, and mechanisms.
Reviews & Position Stands4 min read
Rawson et al. 2018: Creatine Supplementation and Exercise Recovery — Study Summary
Summary of Rawson et al. (2018) on creatine and exercise recovery. Creatine may reduce muscle damage markers and speed post-exercise recovery. See the evidence.
Performance Research4 min read
Roschel et al. 2021: thorough review of Creatine Supplementation and Brain Health
Review of Roschel 2021 on creatine and brain health. Cognitive function, neuroprotection, mental health, creatine deficiency syndromes, and clinical potential.
Brain & Cognition Research9 min read
Roschel et al. 2021: Creatine's Clinical Applications Beyond Sport
Review of Roschel et al. 2021 exploring creatine's clinical uses beyond athletics. Evidence for brain health, aging, metabolic disease, and rehabilitation.
Reviews & Position Stands8 min read
Sakellaris et al. 2006: Creatine in Children with TBI — Study Summary
Summary of Sakellaris et al. (2006) on creatine for children with traumatic brain injury. Creatine improved recovery outcomes. Here's what the research found.
Brain & Cognition Research4 min read
Sandkühler et al. 2023: Creatine and Cognition in Vegetarians — Study Summary
Summary of Sandkuhler et al. (2023) on creatine and vegetarian cognition. Creatine improved working memory and processing speed. The data may surprise you.
Brain & Cognition Research4 min read
Syrotuik & Bell 2004: Creatine Responders vs Non-Responders
Study identifying characteristics that distinguish creatine responders from non-responders in muscle uptake. The data may surprise you.
Performance Research4 min read
Tarnopolsky et al. 2000: Creatine in Neuromuscular Diseases — Study Summary
Summary of Tarnopolsky (2000) reviewing creatine's therapeutic potential in neuromuscular diseases including muscular dystrophy and mitochondrial disorders.
Mechanisms & Pharmacology5 min read
Toniolo et al. 2017: Creatine for Bipolar Depression
RCT showing creatine augmentation improved depression scores in bipolar II disorder patients on medication. See the evidence.
Brain & Cognition Research4 min read
Turner et al. 2015: Creatine Augmentation for Depression in Women — Study Summary
Summary of Turner et al. (2015) on creatine for depression in women. Creatine augmented antidepressant response in female patients. See the evidence.
Brain & Cognition Research4 min read
Van der Merwe et al. 2009: Creatine and DHT — The Hair Loss Study
Analysis of the single study linking creatine to DHT increase — the origin of the hair loss concern. Here's what the research found.
Safety Research5 min read
Vandenberghe et al. 1996: Caffeine and Creatine Interaction Study
Summary of the single 1996 study suggesting caffeine counteracts creatine — never replicated in 25+ years. Here's what the research found.
Mechanisms & Pharmacology4 min read
Vandenberghe et al. 1997: Creatine Supplementation in Women — Study Summary
Summary of Vandenberghe et al. (1997) on creatine in sedentary women. Long-term creatine with training increased strength and lean mass.
Aging & Special Populations5 min read
Volek et al. 1999: Creatine and Hormonal Responses to Resistance Exercise — Study Summary
Summary of Volek et al. (1999) on creatine, testosterone, and hormonal responses during 12 weeks of resistance training in trained men.
Safety Research5 min read
Wallimann et al. 2011: The Phosphocreatine System
thorough review of the creatine kinase/phosphocreatine system and its role in cellular energy metabolism. Here's what the research found.
Mechanisms & Pharmacology5 min read
Wyss & Kaddurah-Daouk 2000: Creatine and Creatinine Metabolism — Study Summary
Summary of Wyss & Kaddurah-Daouk (2000) thorough review of creatine synthesis, transport, and degradation pathways in health and disease.
Mechanisms & Pharmacology5 min read
Candow et al. 2015: Creatine and Resistance Training in Older Adults — Study Summary
Summary of Candow et al. (2014) on creatine for sarcopenia. Creatine enhanced muscle mass and strength gains in older adults. The data may surprise you.
Aging & Special Populations4 min read
Gualano et al. 2011: Creatine and Type 2 Diabetes — Study Summary
Summary of Gualano et al. (2011) on creatine in type 2 diabetes. Creatine plus exercise improved glycemic control and GLUT-4. The data may surprise you.
Safety Research4 min read
Harris et al. 1992: The key Creatine Loading Study That Started It All
Deep dive into Harris et al. 1992 — the first study to show creatine supplementation increases muscle creatine by 20%. Study design, findings & implications.
Performance Research8 min read
Kreider et al. 2017: The ISSN Position Stand on Creatine Safety & Efficacy
Complete summary of the ISSN Position Stand on creatine (Kreider et al. 2017). Key conclusions, evidence tiers, safety confirmation & recommendations.
Reviews & Position Stands10 min read
McMorris et al. 2006: Creatine Protects Cognition During Sleep Deprivation — Study Summary
Summary of McMorris et al. (2006) on creatine and sleep deprivation. Creatine mitigated cognitive decline after 24 hours without sleep. See the evidence.
Brain & Cognition Research4 min read
Poortmans & Francaux 1999: Creatine Does Not Impair Kidney Function — Study Summary
Summary of Poortmans & Francaux (1999) on creatine kidney safety. Up to 5 years of use showed no adverse renal effects. Here's what the research found.
Safety Research4 min read
Rae et al. 2003: Creatine Improves Brain Performance in Vegetarians — Study Summary
Summary of Rae et al. (2003) on creatine and cognitive function. 5g/day for 6 weeks improved memory and reasoning by 20%. Here's what the research found.
Brain & Cognition Research4 min read
Rawson & Venezia 2011: Creatine, Aging, and Cognitive Function — Study Summary
Summary of Rawson & Venezia (2011) on creatine use in elderly and cognitive effects. Brain creatine declines with age. Here's what the research found.
Brain & Cognition Research4 min read
Smith-Ryan et al. 2021: Creatine Supplementation in Women's Health — Study Summary
Summary of Smith-Ryan et al. (2021) on creatine in women. Benefits across pregnancy, menopause, mood, cognition, and bone health. The data may surprise you.
Aging & Special Populations4 min read
Sullivan et al. 2000: Creatine Protects Against Traumatic Brain Injury — Study Summary
Summary of Sullivan et al. (2000) on creatine and TBI neuroprotection. Pre-treatment reduced cortical damage by up to 50%. Here's what the research found.
Brain & Cognition Research4 min read

Showing 60 of 60 articles